Kleshas: The Five Afflictions and Their Cognitive Origins

Patanjali identifies five kleshas (afflictions or mental poisons) as the fundamental sources of psychological suffering: avidya (misperception), asmita (ego-identification), raga (attachment/craving), dvesha (aversion/avoidance), and abhinivesha (fear of death/change). These aren't merely negative emotions but core cognitive and psychological patterns generating suffering. This ancient taxonomy parallels modern CBT's understanding of maladaptive patterns: distorted thinking, rigid self-concepts, approach-avoidance imbalance, and anxiety about uncertainty. Asmita relates to how rigid self-identities generate psychological rigidity and shame. Raga and dvesha describe approach-avoidance patterns underlying anxiety and depression. Abhinivesha explains intolerance of uncertainty and existential anxiety. By understanding the kleshas, CBT practitioners gain deeper insight into why clients struggle: they're not simply experiencing negative thoughts but are caught in fundamental patterns of misperception and ego-attachment. This framework suggests CBT work addresses not isolated thoughts but interconnected afflictive patterns requiring sustained practice. Recognizing the kleshas in ourselves and others cultivates compassion while clarifying why systematic cognitive, behavioral, and contemplative work is necessary for genuine transformation.